Couriers -

The digital transformation has introduced "crowdshipping" or platform-based courier work through apps like Uber Eats, DoorDash, and Deliveroo [5, 10]. This shift has sparked a significant debate regarding employment status:

Major global players like UPS, FedEx, DHL, and Amazon Logistics dominate the traditional shipping landscape, often utilizing a "hub and spoke" model for international reach [29, 32]. The Rise of the Gig Economy COURIERS

: High-pressure delivery schedules can lead to traffic violations and increased injury rates [27]. and Deliveroo [5

Despite their importance, couriers face numerous occupational hurdles: couriers face numerous occupational hurdles: