: When mantle rock melts due to changes in pressure or composition, it becomes magma. This magma rises to the surface, creating new landmasses and releasing gases that helped form our atmosphere.

: Heat from the core creates convection currents in the mantle. These currents act like a conveyor belt, moving tectonic plates, creating mountains, and causing earthquakes.

: The mantle acts as a thermal blanket, slowly releasing the primordial heat from Earth’s formation and the radioactive decay of elements, maintaining the planet's internal temperature balance.

: Stretching from 660 km down to the core-mantle boundary, this region is under such immense pressure that the rock remains solid despite temperatures exceeding 3,000°C. Why It Matters

: Located between 410 km and 660 km, where extreme pressure causes minerals to change their crystalline structure, becoming much denser.