Patterns of behavior that exist outside the individual but exert social control, such as laws, morals, and customs (emphasized by Emile Durkheim ).

Micro-sociology focuses on small-scale interactions (face-to-face), while macro-sociology examines large-scale social processes like globalization or class struggles. 2. Major Theoretical Perspectives

The stable arrangement of institutions and social patterns that shape society.

Most exams focus heavily on these three foundational lenses: