The loss or gain of one or more chromosomes (e.g., Trisomy 21/Down Syndrome).
Having extra complete sets of chromosomes (common in plants). Principles of Genetics and Cytogenetics
Genes located close together on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together, defying independent assortment. The loss or gain of one or more chromosomes (e
Deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations (where segments of chromosomes break and reattach elsewhere). 4. Molecular Foundations defying independent assortment. Deletions
Genes for different traits are inherited independently of each other (provided they are on different chromosomes).
The foundation of genetics rests on Gregor Mendel’s laws of inheritance:
Cytogenetics identifies abnormalities that lead to genetic disorders: