: Until the early 20th century, slaves included both white Europeans (such as Slavs and Circassians) and black Africans.
Lewis examines how slavery functioned differently in Islamic lands compared to the transatlantic trade, while also highlighting the evolution of racial prejudice in the region. Race and Slavery in the Middle East: An Histori...
: Lewis argues that Westerners often idealized Islamic slavery to criticize American practices, but he presents evidence that racial prejudice—specifically against black Africans—was present in Middle Eastern society despite Islamic teachings of equality. Unique Features of Middle Eastern Slavery : : Until the early 20th century, slaves included