When States Fail: Causes And Consequences -

A rapid reduction in incomes, extreme inequality, and the informal privatization of essential services like health and education.

Characterized by enduring internal violence and a government that has lost legitimacy and physical control over its territory. When States Fail: Causes and Consequences

Scholars like Robert Rotberg categorize states based on their performance in providing security and other "political goods": A rapid reduction in incomes, extreme inequality, and

The extreme end of failure where a total vacuum of authority exists, and political goods are provided only by local, uncoordinated forces. 2. Primary Causes of State Failure A rapid reduction in incomes